Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	26
Number of observations	201
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	145.4 KiB
Average record size in memory	740.9 B

Variable types

NUM	16
CAT	10

Reproduction

Analysis started	2021-06-23 17:37:11.550352
Analysis finished	2021-06-23 17:38:55.233746
Duration	1 minute and 43.68 seconds
Version	pandas-profiling v2.7.1
Command line	`pandas_profiling --config_file config.yaml [YOUR_FILE.csv]`
Download configuration	config.yaml

`highway_mpg` is highly correlated with `city_mpg`	High correlation
`city_mpg` is highly correlated with `highway_mpg`	High correlation
`fuel_system` is highly correlated with `fuel_type`	High correlation
`fuel_type` is highly correlated with `fuel_system`	High correlation
`symboling` has 65 (32.3%) zeros	Zeros

symboling
Real number (ℝ)

ZEROS

Distinct count	6
Unique (%)	3.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	0.8407960199004975
Minimum	-2
Maximum	3
Zeros	65
Zeros (%)	32.3%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-2
5-th percentile	-1
Q1	0
median	1
Q3	2
95-th percentile	3
Maximum	3
Range	5
Interquartile range (IQR)	2

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.254801723
Coefficient of variation (CV)	1.492397315
Kurtosis	-0.7071776172
Mean	0.8407960199
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	0.1973703603
Sum	169
Variance	1.574527363

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	65	32.3%
1	52	25.9%
2	32	15.9%
3	27	13.4%
-1	22	10.9%
-2	3	1.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-2	3	1.5%
-1	22	10.9%
0	65	32.3%
1	52	25.9%
2	32	15.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	27	13.4%
2	32	15.9%
1	52	25.9%
0	65	32.3%
-1	22	10.9%

normalized_losses
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	58
Unique (%)	28.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	125.18905472636816
Minimum	65
Maximum	256
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	65
5-th percentile	77
Q1	101
median	122
Q3	150
95-th percentile	186
Maximum	256
Range	191
Interquartile range (IQR)	49

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	33.5729665
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2681781293
Kurtosis	0.4174688895
Mean	125.1890547
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	27
Skewness	0.5513515775
Sum	25163
Variance	1127.14408

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
161	16	8.0%
168	9	4.5%
128	9	4.5%
91	8	4.0%
150	7	3.5%
104	6	3.0%
134	6	3.0%
102	5	2.5%
115	5	2.5%
103	5	2.5%
Other values (48)	125	62.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
65	5	2.5%
74	5	2.5%
77	1	0.5%
78	1	0.5%
81	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
256	1	0.5%
231	1	0.5%
197	2	1.0%
194	2	1.0%
192	2	1.0%

make
Categorical

Distinct count	22
Unique (%)	10.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

toyota	32
nissan	18
mazda	17
honda	13
mitsubishi	13
Other values (17)	108

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
toyota	32	15.9%
nissan	18	9.0%
mazda	17	8.5%
honda	13	6.5%
mitsubishi	13	6.5%
subaru	12	6.0%
volkswagen	12	6.0%
volvo	11	5.5%
peugot	11	5.5%
dodge	9	4.5%
Other values (12)	53	26.4%

Length

Max length	13
Mean length	6.502487562
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	24	96.0%
Dash_Punctuation	1	4.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	24	96.0%
Common	1	4.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	25	100.0%

fuel_type
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

gas	181
diesel	20

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
gas	181	90.0%
diesel	20	10.0%

Length

Max length	6
Mean length	3.298507463
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	7	100.0%

aspiration
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

std	165
turbo	36

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
std	165	82.1%
turbo	36	17.9%

Length

Max length	5
Mean length	3.358208955
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	7	100.0%

number_of_doors
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

four	114
two	87

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
four	114	56.7%
two	87	43.3%

Length

Max length	4
Mean length	3.567164179
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	6	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	6	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	6	100.0%

body_style
Categorical

Distinct count	5
Unique (%)	2.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

sedan	94
hatchback	68
wagon	25
hardtop	8
convertible	6

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
sedan	94	46.8%
hatchback	68	33.8%
wagon	25	12.4%
hardtop	8	4.0%
convertible	6	3.0%

Length

Max length	11
Mean length	6.611940299
Min length	5

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	18	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	18	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	18	100.0%

drive_wheels
Categorical

Distinct count	3
Unique (%)	1.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

fwd	118
rwd	75
4wd	8

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
fwd	118	58.7%
rwd	75	37.3%
4wd	8	4.0%

Length

Max length	3
Mean length	3
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	4	80.0%
Decimal_Number	1	20.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	4	80.0%
Common	1	20.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	5	100.0%

engine_location
Categorical

Distinct count	2
Unique (%)	1.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

front	198
rear	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
front	198	98.5%
rear	3	1.5%

Length

Max length	5
Mean length	4.985074627
Min length	4

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	7	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	7	100.0%

wheel_base
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	52
Unique (%)	25.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	98.79701492537313
Minimum	86.6
Maximum	120.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	86.6
5-th percentile	93
Q1	94.5
median	97
Q3	102.4
95-th percentile	110
Maximum	120.9
Range	34.3
Interquartile range (IQR)	7.9

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.066365555
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.06140231625
Kurtosis	0.9484450961
Mean	98.79701493
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	2.8
Skewness	1.031261443
Sum	19858.2
Variance	36.80079104

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
93.7	20	10.0%
94.5	19	9.5%
95.7	13	6.5%
96.5	8	4.0%
97.3	7	3.5%
100.4	6	3.0%
104.3	6	3.0%
96.3	6	3.0%
98.8	6	3.0%
98.4	6	3.0%
Other values (42)	104	51.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
86.6	2	1.0%
88.4	1	0.5%
88.6	2	1.0%
89.5	3	1.5%
91.3	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
120.9	1	0.5%
115.6	2	1.0%
114.2	4	2.0%
113	2	1.0%
112	1	0.5%

length
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	73
Unique (%)	36.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	174.20099502487562
Minimum	141.1
Maximum	208.1
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	141.1
5-th percentile	157.3
Q1	166.8
median	173.2
Q3	183.5
95-th percentile	197
Maximum	208.1
Range	67
Interquartile range (IQR)	16.7

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	12.32217509
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.07073538868
Kurtosis	-0.06519162777
Mean	174.200995
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	6.9
Skewness	0.1544463518
Sum	35014.4
Variance	151.835999

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
157.3	15	7.5%
188.8	11	5.5%
186.7	7	3.5%
166.3	7	3.5%
171.7	7	3.5%
186.6	6	3.0%
165.3	6	3.0%
176.2	6	3.0%
177.8	6	3.0%
176.8	5	2.5%
Other values (63)	125	62.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
141.1	1	0.5%
144.6	2	1.0%
150	3	1.5%
155.9	1	0.5%
156.9	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
208.1	1	0.5%
202.6	2	1.0%
199.6	2	1.0%
199.2	1	0.5%
198.9	4	2.0%

width
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	43
Unique (%)	21.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	65.88905472636816
Minimum	60.3
Maximum	72.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	60.3
5-th percentile	63.6
Q1	64.1
median	65.5
Q3	66.6
95-th percentile	70.3
Maximum	72
Range	11.7
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.101470819
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.03189408055
Kurtosis	0.6786551692
Mean	65.88905473
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.4
Skewness	0.8750290419
Sum	13243.7
Variance	4.416179602

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
63.8	24	11.9%
66.5	23	11.4%
65.4	15	7.5%
68.4	10	5.0%
64.4	10	5.0%
63.6	9	4.5%
64	9	4.5%
65.5	8	4.0%
65.2	7	3.5%
64.2	6	3.0%
Other values (33)	80	39.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
60.3	1	0.5%
61.8	1	0.5%
62.5	1	0.5%
63.4	1	0.5%
63.6	9	4.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
72	1	0.5%
71.7	3	1.5%
71.4	3	1.5%
70.9	1	0.5%
70.6	1	0.5%

height
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	49
Unique (%)	24.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	53.766666666666666
Minimum	47.8
Maximum	59.8
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	47.8
5-th percentile	49.7
Q1	52
median	54.1
Q3	55.5
95-th percentile	57.5
Maximum	59.8
Range	12
Interquartile range (IQR)	3.5

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	2.447822161
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.04552676059
Kurtosis	-0.4329081504
Mean	53.76666667
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1.6
Skewness	0.02917329915
Sum	10807.1
Variance	5.991833333

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
50.8	14	7.0%
55.7	12	6.0%
54.5	10	5.0%
54.1	10	5.0%
52	9	4.5%
55.5	9	4.5%
56.7	8	4.0%
54.3	8	4.0%
52.6	7	3.5%
56.1	7	3.5%
Other values (39)	107	53.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
47.8	1	0.5%
48.8	2	1.0%
49.4	2	1.0%
49.6	4	2.0%
49.7	3	1.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
59.8	2	1.0%
59.1	3	1.5%
58.7	4	2.0%
58.3	1	0.5%
57.5	3	1.5%

curb_weight
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	169
Unique (%)	84.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	2555.6666666666665
Minimum	1488
Maximum	4066
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1488
5-th percentile	1905
Q1	2169
median	2414
Q3	2926
95-th percentile	3505
Maximum	4066
Range	2578
Interquartile range (IQR)	757

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	517.2967266
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2024116577
Kurtosis	0.03491557605
Mean	2555.666667
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	377
Skewness	0.7058035875
Sum	513689
Variance	267595.9033

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2385	4	2.0%
1989	3	1.5%
2275	3	1.5%
1918	3	1.5%
2756	2	1.0%
2414	2	1.0%
2403	2	1.0%
4066	2	1.0%
2145	2	1.0%
2337	2	1.0%
Other values (159)	176	87.6%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1488	1	0.5%
1713	1	0.5%
1819	1	0.5%
1837	1	0.5%
1874	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4066	2	1.0%
3950	1	0.5%
3900	1	0.5%
3770	1	0.5%
3750	1	0.5%

engine_type
Categorical

Distinct count	6
Unique (%)	3.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

ohc	145
ohcf	15
ohcv	13
dohc	12
l	12

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ohc	145	72.1%
ohcf	15	7.5%
ohcv	13	6.5%
dohc	12	6.0%
l	12	6.0%
rotor	4	2.0%

Length

Max length	5
Mean length	3.119402985
Min length	1

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	9	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	9	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	9	100.0%

number_of_cylinders
Categorical

Distinct count	7
Unique (%)	3.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

four	157
six	24
five	10
two	4
eight	4
Other values (2)	2

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
four	157	78.1%
six	24	11.9%
five	10	5.0%
two	4	2.0%
eight	4	2.0%
twelve	1	0.5%
three	1	0.5%

Length

Max length	6
Mean length	3.895522388
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	14	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	14	100.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	14	100.0%

engine_size
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	43
Unique (%)	21.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	126.87562189054727
Minimum	61
Maximum	326
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	61
5-th percentile	90
Q1	98
median	120
Q3	141
95-th percentile	194
Maximum	326
Range	265
Interquartile range (IQR)	43

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	41.54683445
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3274611295
Kurtosis	5.497490767
Mean	126.8756219
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	22
Skewness	1.979144197
Sum	25502
Variance	1726.139453

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
122	15	7.5%
92	15	7.5%
97	14	7.0%
98	14	7.0%
108	13	6.5%
110	12	6.0%
90	10	5.0%
109	8	4.0%
141	7	3.5%
120	7	3.5%
Other values (33)	86	42.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
61	1	0.5%
70	3	1.5%
79	1	0.5%
80	1	0.5%
90	10	5.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
326	1	0.5%
308	1	0.5%
304	1	0.5%
258	2	1.0%
234	2	1.0%

fuel_system
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	8
Unique (%)	4.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

mpfi	92
2bbl	64
idi	20
1bbl	11
spdi	9
Other values (3)	5

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
mpfi	92	45.8%
2bbl	64	31.8%
idi	20	10.0%
1bbl	11	5.5%
spdi	9	4.5%
4bbl	3	1.5%
spfi	1	0.5%
mfi	1	0.5%

Length

Max length	4
Mean length	3.895522388
Min length	3

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase_Letter	8	72.7%
Decimal_Number	3	27.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	8	72.7%
Common	3	27.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	11	100.0%

bore
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	39
Unique (%)	19.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.329701492537313
Minimum	2.54
Maximum	3.94
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.54
5-th percentile	2.97
Q1	3.15
median	3.31
Q3	3.58
95-th percentile	3.78
Maximum	3.94
Range	1.4
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.43

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.2681658264
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.08053749773
Kurtosis	-0.8017255526
Mean	3.329701493
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.23
Skewness	-0.02164494186
Sum	669.27
Variance	0.07191291045

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.62	23	11.4%
3.19	20	10.0%
3.15	15	7.5%
2.97	12	6.0%
3.03	10	5.0%
3.46	9	4.5%
3.78	8	4.0%
3.43	8	4.0%
3.31	8	4.0%
2.91	7	3.5%
Other values (29)	81	40.3%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.54	1	0.5%
2.68	1	0.5%
2.91	7	3.5%
2.92	1	0.5%
2.97	12	6.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.94	1	0.5%
3.8	2	1.0%
3.78	8	4.0%
3.76	1	0.5%
3.74	3	1.5%

stroke
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	36
Unique (%)	17.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	3.2617412935323378
Minimum	2.07
Maximum	4.17
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.07
5-th percentile	2.64
Q1	3.11
median	3.29
Q3	3.46
95-th percentile	3.64
Maximum	4.17
Range	2.1
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.35

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.3178749011
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.09745558353
Kurtosis	2.062831978
Mean	3.261741294
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.17
Skewness	-0.7257486844
Sum	655.61
Variance	0.1010444527

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.4	19	9.5%
3.23	14	7.0%
3.15	14	7.0%
3.03	14	7.0%
3.39	13	6.5%
2.64	11	5.5%
3.5	10	5.0%
3.35	9	4.5%
3.29	9	4.5%
3.46	8	4.0%
Other values (26)	80	39.8%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.07	1	0.5%
2.19	2	1.0%
2.36	1	0.5%
2.64	11	5.5%
2.68	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4.17	2	1.0%
3.9	3	1.5%
3.86	4	2.0%
3.64	5	2.5%
3.58	6	3.0%

compression_ratio
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	32
Unique (%)	15.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	10.164278606965174
Minimum	7.0
Maximum	23.0
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	7
5-th percentile	7.5
Q1	8.6
median	9
Q3	9.4
95-th percentile	21.9
Maximum	23
Range	16
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	4.004965493
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3940235848
Kurtosis	5.068872476
Mean	10.16427861
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.4
Skewness	2.584462433
Sum	2043.02
Variance	16.0397486

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9	46	22.9%
9.4	26	12.9%
8.5	14	7.0%
9.5	13	6.5%
9.3	11	5.5%
8.7	9	4.5%
8	8	4.0%
9.2	8	4.0%
7	6	3.0%
23	5	2.5%
Other values (22)	55	27.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7	6	3.0%
7.5	5	2.5%
7.6	4	2.0%
7.7	2	1.0%
7.8	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
23	5	2.5%
22.7	1	0.5%
22.5	3	1.5%
22	1	0.5%
21.9	1	0.5%

horsepower
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	58
Unique (%)	28.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	103.2636815920398
Minimum	48
Maximum	262
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	48
5-th percentile	62
Q1	70
median	95
Q3	116
95-th percentile	176
Maximum	262
Range	214
Interquartile range (IQR)	46

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	37.38937181
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3620766879
Kurtosis	1.327302314
Mean	103.2636816
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	25
Skewness	1.155371578
Sum	20756
Variance	1397.965124

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
68	19	9.5%
69	10	5.0%
116	9	4.5%
70	9	4.5%
110	8	4.0%
95	7	3.5%
114	6	3.0%
62	6	3.0%
101	6	3.0%
88	6	3.0%
Other values (48)	115	57.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
48	1	0.5%
52	2	1.0%
55	1	0.5%
56	2	1.0%
58	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
262	1	0.5%
207	3	1.5%
200	1	0.5%
184	2	1.0%
182	3	1.5%

peak_rpm
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	22
Unique (%)	10.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	5121.393034825871
Minimum	4150
Maximum	6600
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	4150
5-th percentile	4250
Q1	4800
median	5200
Q3	5500
95-th percentile	6000
Maximum	6600
Range	2450
Interquartile range (IQR)	700

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	479.6249053
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.09365125895
Kurtosis	0.06898831901
Mean	5121.393035
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	300
Skewness	0.08832001944
Sum	1029400
Variance	230040.0498

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5500	38	18.9%
4800	36	17.9%
5000	27	13.4%
5200	23	11.4%
5400	11	5.5%
6000	9	4.5%
5800	7	3.5%
4500	7	3.5%
5250	7	3.5%
4150	5	2.5%
Other values (12)	31	15.4%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4150	5	2.5%
4200	5	2.5%
4250	3	1.5%
4350	4	2.0%
4400	3	1.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6600	2	1.0%
6000	9	4.5%
5900	3	1.5%
5800	7	3.5%
5600	1	0.5%

city_mpg
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	29
Unique (%)	14.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	25.17910447761194
Minimum	13
Maximum	49
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	13
5-th percentile	16
Q1	19
median	24
Q3	30
95-th percentile	37
Maximum	49
Range	36
Interquartile range (IQR)	11

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.423220469
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2551012279
Kurtosis	0.7539680878
Mean	25.17910448
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.6804334707
Sum	5061
Variance	41.25776119

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
31	28	13.9%
19	27	13.4%
24	22	10.9%
27	14	7.0%
17	12	6.0%
23	12	6.0%
26	12	6.0%
21	8	4.0%
25	8	4.0%
30	8	4.0%
Other values (19)	50	24.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13	1	0.5%
14	2	1.0%
15	3	1.5%
16	5	2.5%
17	12	6.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
49	1	0.5%
47	1	0.5%
45	1	0.5%
38	5	2.5%
37	6	3.0%

highway_mpg
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct count	30
Unique (%)	14.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	30.686567164179106
Minimum	16
Maximum	54
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	16
5-th percentile	22
Q1	25
median	30
Q3	34
95-th percentile	42
Maximum	54
Range	38
Interquartile range (IQR)	9

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	6.815149936
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.22208903
Kurtosis	0.5611711398
Mean	30.68656716
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	5
Skewness	0.5495071459
Sum	6168
Variance	46.44626866

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
25	19	9.5%
38	17	8.5%
24	17	8.5%
30	16	8.0%
32	16	8.0%
34	14	7.0%
37	13	6.5%
28	12	6.0%
29	10	5.0%
33	9	4.5%
Other values (20)	58	28.9%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
16	2	1.0%
17	1	0.5%
18	2	1.0%
19	2	1.0%
20	2	1.0%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
54	1	0.5%
53	1	0.5%
50	1	0.5%
47	2	1.0%
46	2	1.0%

price
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct count	186
Unique (%)	92.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%

Mean	13207.129353233831
Minimum	5118
Maximum	45400
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Memory size	1.7 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	5118
5-th percentile	6189
Q1	7775
median	10295
Q3	16500
95-th percentile	32528
Maximum	45400
Range	40282
Interquartile range (IQR)	8725

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7947.066342
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.601725487
Kurtosis	3.231536887
Mean	13207.12935
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	3306
Skewness	1.809675339
Sum	2654633
Variance	63155863.44

Histogram

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=10)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
13499	2	1.0%
16500	2	1.0%
9279	2	1.0%
7609	2	1.0%
6229	2	1.0%
8495	2	1.0%
18150	2	1.0%
8921	2	1.0%
7898	2	1.0%
6692	2	1.0%
Other values (176)	181	90.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5118	1	0.5%
5151	1	0.5%
5195	1	0.5%
5348	1	0.5%
5389	1	0.5%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
45400	1	0.5%
41315	1	0.5%
40960	1	0.5%
37028	1	0.5%
36880	1	0.5%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

Count
Matrix

First rows

	symboling	normalized_losses	make	fuel_type	aspiration	number_of_doors	body_style	drive_wheels	engine_location	wheel_base	length	width	height	curb_weight	engine_type	number_of_cylinders	engine_size	fuel_system	bore	stroke	compression_ratio	horsepower	peak_rpm	city_mpg	highway_mpg	price
0	3	168	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	convertible	rwd	front	88.6	168.8	64.1	48.8	2548	dohc	four	130	mpfi	3.47	2.68	9.0	111	5000	21	27	13495
1	3	168	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	convertible	rwd	front	88.6	168.8	64.1	48.8	2548	dohc	four	130	mpfi	3.47	2.68	9.0	111	5000	21	27	16500
2	1	168	alfa-romero	gas	std	two	hatchback	rwd	front	94.5	171.2	65.5	52.4	2823	ohcv	six	152	mpfi	2.68	3.47	9.0	154	5000	19	26	16500
3	2	164	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	fwd	front	99.8	176.6	66.2	54.3	2337	ohc	four	109	mpfi	3.19	3.40	10.0	102	5500	24	30	13950
4	2	164	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	4wd	front	99.4	176.6	66.4	54.3	2824	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.40	8.0	115	5500	18	22	17450
5	2	161	audi	gas	std	two	sedan	fwd	front	99.8	177.3	66.3	53.1	2507	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.40	8.5	110	5500	19	25	15250
6	1	158	audi	gas	std	four	sedan	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.7	2844	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.40	8.5	110	5500	19	25	17710
7	1	168	audi	gas	std	four	wagon	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.7	2954	ohc	five	136	mpfi	3.19	3.40	8.5	110	5500	19	25	18920
8	1	158	audi	gas	turbo	four	sedan	fwd	front	105.8	192.7	71.4	55.9	3086	ohc	five	131	mpfi	3.13	3.40	8.3	140	5500	17	20	23875
9	2	192	bmw	gas	std	two	sedan	rwd	front	101.2	176.8	64.8	54.3	2395	ohc	four	108	mpfi	3.50	2.80	8.8	101	5800	23	29	16430

Last rows

	symboling	normalized_losses	make	fuel_type	aspiration	number_of_doors	body_style	drive_wheels	engine_location	wheel_base	length	width	height	curb_weight	engine_type	number_of_cylinders	engine_size	fuel_system	bore	stroke	compression_ratio	horsepower	peak_rpm	city_mpg	highway_mpg	price
191	-1	74	volvo	gas	std	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3034	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	23	28	13415
192	-2	103	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	56.2	2935	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	24	28	15985
193	-1	74	volvo	gas	std	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3042	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	24	28	16515
194	-2	103	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	56.2	3045	ohc	four	130	mpfi	3.62	3.15	7.5	162	5100	17	22	18420
195	-1	74	volvo	gas	turbo	four	wagon	rwd	front	104.3	188.8	67.2	57.5	3157	ohc	four	130	mpfi	3.62	3.15	7.5	162	5100	17	22	18950
196	-1	95	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	2952	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	23	28	16845
197	-1	95	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.8	55.5	3049	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	8.7	160	5300	19	25	19045
198	-1	95	volvo	gas	std	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3012	ohcv	six	173	mpfi	3.58	2.87	8.8	134	5500	18	23	21485
199	-1	95	volvo	diesel	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3217	ohc	six	145	idi	3.01	3.40	23.0	106	4800	26	27	22470
200	-1	95	volvo	gas	turbo	four	sedan	rwd	front	109.1	188.8	68.9	55.5	3062	ohc	four	141	mpfi	3.78	3.15	9.5	114	5400	19	25	22625

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows